Name two noninvasive ventilation modes and a typical indication.

• A. CPAP and BiPAP; indications include COPD exacerbation with hypercapnic respiratory failure or cardiogenic pulmonary edema with hypoxemia.
• B. CPAP and BiPAP; indications include stable asthma with no hypoxemia.
• C. Venturi mask and nasal cannula; indications include COPD with hypercapnia.
• D. Mechanical ventilation without PEEP; indications include pneumonia.

Answer: (A)

Noninvasive ventilation uses positive airway pressure delivered without an artificial airway. The two common modes are CPAP and BiPAP. CPAP delivers a constant pressure throughout the breath, helping keep airways open and improving oxygenation—this is especially helpful in cardiogenic pulmonary edema with hypoxemia. BiPAP provides two pressure levels—higher during inspiration and lower during expiration—assisting ventilation and reducing the work of breathing, which is particularly beneficial in COPD exacerbations with hypercapnic respiratory failure. The indicated scenarios—COPD with hypercapnia and cardiogenic edema with hypoxemia—fit these modes well: BiPAP supports ventilation in hypercapnia, while CPAP improves oxygenation in edema. The other options aren’t NIV: a Venturi mask and nasal cannula are oxygen delivery devices, not ventilation; and invasive mechanical ventilation without PEEP is an invasive approach, not noninvasive.